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Scarlet tanager
The scarlet tanager (''Piranga olivacea'') is a medium-sized American songbird. Until recently placed in the tanager family (Thraupidae), it and other members of its genus are now classified as belonging the cardinal family (Cardinalidae).〔Remsen, J. V., Jr., C. D. Cadena, A. Jaramillo, M. Nores, J. F. Pacheco, M. B. Robbins, T. S. Schulenberg, F. G. Stiles, D. F. Stotz, and K. J. Zimmer. Version (). [http://www.museum.lsu.edu/~Remsen/SACCBaseline.html [A classification of the bird species of South America]. American Ornithologists' Union.〕 The species' plumage and vocalizations are similar to other members of the cardinal family, although the ''Piranga'' species lacks the thick conical bill (well suited to seed and insect eating) that many "cardinals" possess.
==Description==
The scarlet tanager, a mid-sized passerine, is marginally the smallest of the four species of ''Piranga'' that breed north of the Mexican border. It can weigh from , with an average of during breeding and an average of at the beginning of migration. Scarlet tanagers can range in length from in length and from in wingspan.〔7.del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. and Christie, D.A. (2011) ''Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 16: Tanagers to New World Blackbirds''. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.〕 Adults of both sexes have pale horn-colored, fairly stout and smooth-textured bills. Adult males are crimson-red with black wings and tail. The male's coloration is intense and deeply red, similar but deeper in shade than the males of two occasionally co-existing relatives, the specific epithet ''olivacea'' ("the olive (color)o-existing relatives, the northern cardinal and the summer tanager, both which lack black wings. Females are yellowish on the underparts and olive on top, with yellow-olive-toned wings and tail. The adult male's winter plumage is similar to the female's, but the wings and tail remain darker. Young males briefly show a more complex variegated plumage intermediate between adult males and females.
The somewhat confusing specific epithet ''olivacea'' ("the olive-colored one") was based on a female or immature specimen rather than ''erythromelas'' ("the red-and-black one"), which authors attempted to ascribe to the species throughout the 19th century (older scientific names always takes precedence, however).
Female, immature and non-breeding males may be distinguished from the same ages and sexes in summer tanagers, which are more brownish overall, and western tanagers, which always have bold white bars and more yellowish undersides than scarlet tanagers. The song of the scarlet tanager sounds somewhat like a hoarser version of the American robin's and is only slightly dissimilar from the songs of the summer and western tanagers. The call of the scarlet tanager is an immediately distinctive ''chip-burr'' or ''chip-churr'', which is very different from the ''pit-i-tuck'' of the summer tanager and the softer, rolled ''pri-tic'' or ''prit-i-tic'' of western tanager.〔Mowbray, Thomas B. 1999. ''Scarlet Tanager (Piranga olivacea)'', The Birds of North America Online (A. Poole, Ed.). Ithaca: Cornell Lab of Ornithology; Retrieved from the Birds of North America Online: http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/479〕
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